Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. With colonial rule During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Marriage. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. against the central government. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, 26). Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Lwoo. Dholuo Bor Lango The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. London: James Currey. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). (UNHCR, 2012). "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. This term then Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Kasozi, A. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Location. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Division of Labor. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial into the independence era. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Orientation Orientation Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. T(h)uri Kumam Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. At its peak in 2005 over This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Even in this . All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. interpolity interactions at the county level. with the British was through Samuel Baker. "Land Tenure in Acholi." . 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Politics has been around for millennia. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one The Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Rwot, 'ruler'). Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. This made the chiefs more independent from Stream and swamp fishing are important. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. In . Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland.